November 8, 1996
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1406
result(s)
August 11, 1996
Real short-term interest rates and expected inflation: Measurement and interpretation
This article compares different measures of real short-term interest rates for Canada over the period from 1956 to 1995. A new measure for the expected real interest rate is constructed using a proxy for inflation expectations that is based on the properties of past inflation. The history of inflation in Canada suggests that the characteristics of inflation have changed considerably over time. Past inflation can be characterized by three different types of behaviour: an environment in which average inflation is low and shocks to inflation have only temporary effects; an environment of moderate inflation with more persistent disturbances; and an environment of drifting inflation in which shocks have permanent effects on the level of inflation. The proxy for inflation expectations uses a statistical model, called a Markov Switching Model, to take account of changes in the behaviour of inflation over time. It is found that uncertainty about the changing characteristics of inflation behaviour leads to uncertainty about estimates of inflation expectations and thus about measures of real interest rates. Target ranges for keeping inflation low should help reduce the uncertainty about inflation behaviour. The behaviour of inflation and interest rates suggests that the credibility of the Bank of Canada's inflation-control objectives is growing. This should reduce inflation uncertainty and lead to lower nominal interest rates over time.
Content Type(s):
Publications,
Bank of Canada Review articles
Topic(s):
Inflation and prices,
Interest rates
August 11, 1996
Bank of Canada Review - Summer 1996
Cover page
Home savings bank: The Northern Bank
The savings bank shown here was issued to account holder 1859 by the Victoria, B.C. branch. It is part of the National Currency Collection, Bank of Canada.
Photography by James Zagon.
Content Type(s):
Publications,
Bank of Canada Review
August 10, 1996
Inflation expectations and Real Return Bonds
The existence of a market for Real Return Bonds in Canada provides a direct tool with which to measure market expectations of inflation by comparing the yields on these bonds with those on conventional Government of Canada long-term bonds. However, there are other factors besides inflation expectations that may affect the yield differential. After reviewing these factors, the authors note that they can lead to a potentially large bias in the level of inflation expectations. The changes in the differential over time may, nonetheless, be a good indicator of movements in long-run inflation expectations. Based on this measure, expectations of long-run inflation have declined since late 1994.
Content Type(s):
Publications,
Bank of Canada Review articles
Topic(s):
Interest rates
May 20, 1996
This Report presents the Bank of Canada’s assessment of the trend of inflation in Canada and explains the monetary policy actions deemed necessary to keep inflation within the Bank’s inflation-control target range.
Monetary Policy Report – May 1996
Content Type(s):
Publications,
Monetary Policy Report
May 17, 1996
The Transmission of Monetary Policy
Gordon Thiessen,
Bruce Montador,
Kevin Clinton,
Kevin Fettig,
Donna Howard,
Charles Freedman,
Pierre Duguay,
Stephen S. Poloz,
Tim Noël
Text of major 1995 lecture by Bank Governor Gordon Thiessen, plus articles from Bank of Canada Review and other sources
Content Type(s):
Publications,
Books and monographs
Topic(s):
Monetary policy transmission
JEL Code(s):
E,
E5
May 11, 1996
Recent developments in monetary aggregates and their implications
In 1995, the broad aggregate M2+ grew at an annual rate of 4.5 per cent—almost twice the rate recorded in 1994—as competition from mutual funds drew less money from personal savings deposits. An adjusted M2+ aggregate, which internalizes the effect of close substitutes such as CSBs and certain mutual funds, grew by only 3.4 per cent. Gross M1 grew by 8.2 per cent during the year, reflecting an increased demand for transactions balances as market interest rates declined and as banks offered more attractive rates of interest on corporate current account balances. The robust growth of gross M1 in the second half of 1995 suggests a moderate expansion of economic activity in the first half of 1996, while moderate growth in the broad aggregates indicates a rate of monetary expansion consistent with continued low inflation. In this annual review of the monetary aggregates, the authors also introduce a new model, based on calculated deviations of M1 from its long-run demand, which suggests that inflation should remain just below the midpoint of the inflation-control target range over the next couple of years.
Content Type(s):
Publications,
Bank of Canada Review articles
Topic(s):
Monetary aggregates,
Recent economic and financial developments
May 11, 1996
Bank of Canada Review - Spring 1996
Cover page
Danzig: 20-gulden note, 1932
This note is part of the National Currency Collection, Bank of Canada.
Photography by James Zagon.
Content Type(s):
Publications,
Bank of Canada Review
May 10, 1996
Financing activities of provincial governments and their enterprises
This article examines the changes that have occurred in the composition of funds raised by provincial borrowers during the 1990s. Higher financing requirements, coupled with the declining availability of funds from non-market sources such as the Canada Pension Plan, led provincial governments and their Crown corporations to broaden and to diversify their debt management programs. In particular, provincial borrowers expanded their presence in foreign bond markets, increased their issuance of floating-rate debt, and incorporated a wide variety of innovative debt instruments into their borrowing programs in order to minimize their borrowing costs and to manage the risks associated with the issuing of debt. As a result, the composition of funds raised by provincial borrowers during the 1990s differed markedly from that of the previous decade: between 1990 and 1995, provincial borrowing requirements were met almost entirely through the issuance of marketable debt, and net new foreign currency debt issues averaged nearly 50 per cent of funds raised, whereas between 1980 and 1989, non-market sources provided close to 30 per cent of funds raised, and net new foreign currency debt issues provided less than 20 per cent.
Content Type(s):
Publications,
Bank of Canada Review articles
Topic(s):
Debt management,
Fiscal policy
May 9, 1996
The role of inventory management in Canadian economic fluctuations
Swings in inventory investment have traditionally played a major role in Canadian business cycles. However, advances in inventory-control techniques and the reduced uncertainty associated with lower inflation have enabled firms to manage their inventories much more tightly and effectively. This article examines recent developments in the management of non-farm business inventories in Canada at both the aggregate and the sectoral level and looks at implications for the role of inventories as a source of economic fluctuation.
Content Type(s):
Publications,
Bank of Canada Review articles
Topic(s):
Domestic demand and components