Financial institutions
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An Index of Financial Stress for Canada
The authors develop an index of financial stress for the Canadian financial system. Stress is defined as the force exerted on economic agents by uncertainty and changing expectations of loss in financial markets and institutions. -
Bank Lending, Credit Shocks, and the Transmission of Canadian Monetary Policy
The authors use a dynamic general-equilibrium model to study the role financial frictions play as a transmission mechanism of Canadian monetary policy, and to evaluate the real effects of exogenous credit shocks. Financial frictions, which are modelled as spreads between deposit and loan interest rates, are assumed to depend on economic activity as well as on credit shocks. -
Managing Operational Risk in Payment, Clearing, and Settlement Systems
Awareness of operational risk has increased greatly in recent years, both at individual financial institutions and for payment, clearing, and settlement systems (PCSS). PCSS consist of networks of interconnected elements (i.e., central operators, participants, and settlement agents); operational problems at any one of the key elements have the potential to disrupt the system as a whole and negatively affect financial stability. -
December 22, 2002
Recent Changes to Canada's Financial Sector Legislation
Significant legislative developments have occurred in Canada's financial services sector over the past decade. This article chronicles those developments and gives an overview of the key provisions contained in Bill C–8, the legislation to reform the sector that came into force in October 2001. The article briefly describes some of the restructuring trends in the financial services sector since the early 1990s and the legislative changes that affected federal financial institutions over the period 1992–2001, as well as the process leading up to the 2001 legislation and some of its key provisions. The 2001 financial sector legislation was wide-ranging. It maintained the principle of wide ownership of large banks and introduced a number of changes, including a holding company option that can give greater organizational flexibility to banks and life insurance companies; the creation of the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada to enforce consumer-related provisions as they relate to federal financial institutions; and changes to the Canadian Payments Association and the access to and governance of the payments system. -
Estimating Settlement Risk and the Potential for Contagion in Canada's Automated Clearing Settlement System
Payments systems operate virtually unnoticed in our daily lives and yet are crucial to a wellfunctioning economy and financial system. -
How Do Canadian Banks That Deal in Foreign Exchange Hedge Their Exposure to Risk?
This paper examines the daily hedging and risk-management practices of financial intermediaries in the Canadian foreign exchange (FX) market. -
Financial Structure and Economic Growth: A Non-Technical Survey
There is a large body of literature that studies the relationship between financial structure (that is, the degree to which the financial system is either market- or intermediary-based) and long-run economic growth. -
The Financial Services Sector: An Update on Recent Developments
The Canadian financial industry continues to experience significant changes. This report provides an update on recent developments and re-examines a number of issues facing financial service providers that were identified in Technical Report No. 82. -
A Market Microstructure Analysis of Foreign Exchange Intervention in Canada
This paper clarifies the role and the impact of foreign exchange dealers in the relationship between foreign exchange intervention and nominal exchange rates using a unique dataset that disaggregates trades by dealer and by type of trade.