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March 12, 2025

Appendix: Survey questions

This Appendix presents the text of selected questions asked as part of surveys that the Bank of Canada conducted during the first quarter of 2025, including the Business Leaders’ Pulse, the Business Outlook Survey and the Canadian Survey of Consumer Expectations.

The Prudential Toolkit with Shadow Banking

Staff Working Paper 2025-9 Kinda Hachem, Martin Kuncl
Can regulators keep pace with banks’ creative regulatory workarounds? Our analysis unpacks the trade-offs between fixed regulations and crisis-triggered rules, showing that the latter are especially prone to circumvention—and can trigger larger, costlier bailouts.
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