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2182 Results

To Tokenize, or Not to Tokenize: The Design Question for a Central Bank Digital Currency

Staff working paper 2026-14 Jonathan Chiu, Cyril Monnet, Oliver Junye Xu
This paper develops a general equilibrium model to assess central bank digital currency (CBDC) design in a monetary system where traditional banks and “crypto banks” (i.e., banks that issue stablecoins) coexist. We compare tokenized and non-tokenized CBDC, showing that their desirability depends on the reliability of private money provision, the availability of collateral assets and the features of the crypto sector.

Occasionally Binding Constraints in Large Models: A Review of Solution Methods

Staff discussion paper 2021-5 Jonathan Swarbrick
Solving macroeconomic models is difficult. One challenge is the occasionally binding constraint of the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates. This paper reviews various ways to solve models that include this feature.

Eggs in One Basket: Security and Convenience of Digital Currencies

Staff working paper 2021-6 Charles M. Kahn, Francisco Rivadeneyra, Tsz-Nga Wong
Digital currencies store balances in anonymous electronic addresses. This paper analyzes the trade-offs between the safety and convenience of aggregating balances in addresses, electronic wallets and banks.

The Effect of Oil Price Shocks on Asset Markets: Evidence from Oil Inventory News

Staff working paper 2020-8 Ron Alquist, Reinhard Ellwanger, Jianjian Jin
We quantify the reaction of U.S. equity, bond futures, and exchange rate returns to oil price shocks driven by oil inventory news.

Stagflation and Topsy-Turvy Capital Flows

Staff working paper 2022-46 Julien Bengui, Louphou Coulibaly
Unregulated capital flows are likely excessive during a stagflation episode, owing to a macroeconomic externality operating through the economy’s supply side. Inflows raise domestic wages and cause unwelcome upward pressure on firm costs, yet market forces likely generate such inflows. Optimal capital flow management instead requires net outflows.

The Rise of Non-Regulated Financial Intermediaries in the Housing Sector and its Macroeconomic Implications

Staff working paper 2017-36 Hélène Desgagnés
I examine the impact of non-regulated lenders in the mortgage market using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. My model features two types of financial intermediaries that differ in three ways: (i) only regulated intermediaries face a capital requirement, (ii) non-regulated intermediaries finance themselves by selling securities and cannot accept deposits, and (iii) non-regulated intermediaries face a more elastic demand.

Machine learning for economics research: when, what and how

Staff analytical note 2023-16 Ajit Desai
This article reviews selected papers that use machine learning for economics research and policy analysis. Our review highlights when machine learning is used in economics, the commonly preferred models and how those models are used.

The Price Impact of Canadian Retaliatory Tariffs

How do import tariffs affect retail prices? We combine daily product-level posted prices from seven major Canadian retailers with product-level tariff exposure to estimate tariff effects. Prices of tariffed goods rose gradually, peaking at 6% after three months, implying pass-through of roughly one quarter of the 25% tariff.
Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff working papers JEL Code(s): E, E3, E31, E5, E52, F, F1, F13 Research Theme(s): Monetary policy, Inflation dynamics and pressures

Canadians’ access to cash in 2023

Staff analytical note 2025-13 Heng Chen, Hongyu Xiao, Daneal O’Habib, Stephen Wild
This study updates our measure of Canadians' access to cash through automated banking machines and financial institution branches. We find that in 2023 overall access to cash remains stable, while rural Canadians continue having less access.
Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff analytical notes JEL Code(s): J, J1, J15, O, O1, R, R5, R51 Research Theme(s): Money and payments, Cash and bank notes
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