Data Externalities, Market Power, and the Optimal Design of Central Bank Digital Currencies Staff working paper 2026-21 Yuteng Cheng, Jonathan Chiu, Mohammad Davoodalhosseini, Janet Hua Jiang This paper studies how a central bank should design a CBDC when private payment providers collect and monetize transaction data. It characterizes the optimal CBDC’s pricing and data policy, and shows how its effects on private payment use and total data depend on market power and data externalities. Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff working papers JEL Code(s): G, G2, L, L1, L14 Research Theme(s): Money and payments, Digital assets and fintech, Payment and financial market infrastructures, Retail payments
June 21, 2009 Procyclicality and Compensation Financial System Review - June 2009 Étienne Bordeleau, Walter Engert Content Type(s): Publications, Financial System Review articles
March 22, 2018 Financial Stability: Taking Care of Unfinished Business Remarks Carolyn A. Wilkins Rotman School of Management conference Toronto, Ontario Senior Deputy Governor Carolyn A. Wilkins discusses three areas in which work remains to be done to improve financial stability. Content Type(s): Press, Speeches and appearances, Remarks Subject(s): Currency, Digital currency, Financial system, Financial stability, Monetary policy, Economic models, Inflation targeting framework
Incorporating Trip-Chaining to Measuring Canadians’ Access to Cash Staff working paper 2025-16 Heng Chen, Hongyu Xiao Our paper employs smartphone data to construct an improved cash access metric by accounting for both spatial agglomeration and households’ travel patterns. We find that incorporating trip-chaining into the travel metric could show that travel costs are from 15 to 25% less than not incorporating trip-chaining and that the biggest decrease is driven by rural residents. Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff working papers JEL Code(s): D, D1, D12, O, O1, O18, R, R2, R22, R4, R41 Research Theme(s): Money and payments, Cash and bank notes
How do Canadians perceive access to cash? Staff analytical note 2024-24 Heng Chen, Daneal O’Habib, Hongyu Xiao This paper introduces a subjective measure of cash accessibility in Canada, complementing existing distance-based metrics developed by Chen, O’Habib and Xiao (2023). Analyzing data from the 2023 Methods-of-Payment Survey, this study explores how Canadians perceive their ease of accessing cash from automated banking machines (ABMs) and financial institution branches. Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff analytical notes JEL Code(s): J, J1, J15, O, O1, R, R5, R51 Research Theme(s): Money and payments, Cash and bank notes
Predicting the Demand for Central Bank Digital Currency: A Structural Analysis with Survey Data Staff working paper 2021-65 Jiaqi Li How much of a CBDC would Canadian households want to hold, and what design features of a CBDC would they care about? Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff working papers JEL Code(s): E, E5, E50, E58 Research Theme(s): Monetary policy, Monetary policy tools and implementation, Money and payments, Digital assets and fintech, Retail payments
May 13, 2014 The Canadian Dollar as a Reserve Currency Bank of Canada Review - Spring 2014 Lukasz Pomorski, Francisco Rivadeneyra, Eric Wolfe This article provides an overview of the growth of Canadian-dollar-denominated assets in official foreign reserves. Based on International Monetary Fund data and on internal Bank of Canada analysis, we estimate that the total reserve holdings of Canadian-dollar assets increased from negligible levels before 2008 to around US$200 billion in the third quarter of 2013. We discuss the determinants of this increase, as well as its potential impact on Canadian debt markets, for example, lower yields and therefore reduced financing costs for the Government of Canada, and the possible negative impact on market liquidity. Content Type(s): Publications, Bank of Canada Review articles JEL Code(s): E, E5, E58, F, F3, F31, G, G1, G12
Risk and State-Dependent Financial Frictions Staff working paper 2022-37 Martin Harding, Rafael Wouters Using a nonlinear New Keynesian model with a financial accelerator, we show that financial frictions generate large state-dependent amplification effects. Shocks propagate more strongly in periods of financial stress. We propose an endogenous regime-switching DSGE framework for efficient estimation and improved model fit. Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff working papers JEL Code(s): E, E5, E52, E58 Research Theme(s): Financial system, Financial stability and systemic risk, Household and business credit, Models and tools, Economic models
February 24, 2012 A Monetary Policy Framework for All Seasons Remarks Mark Carney U.S. Monetary Policy Forum New York, New York Governor Mark Carney reviews the advantages of Canada’s flexible inflation-targeting regime. Content Type(s): Press, Speeches and appearances, Remarks
August 19, 2010 Conference Summary: New Frontiers in Monetary Policy Design Bank of Canada Review - Summer 2010 Robert Amano, Kevin Devereux, Rhys R. Mendes Although the current inflation-targeting regime has served Canadians well, sound public policy demands the continuous exploration of possible improvements in the monetary policy framework. Content Type(s): Publications, Bank of Canada Review articles