December 23, 2004 Bank of Canada Lender-of-Last-Resort Policies Financial System Review - December 2004 The Bank of Canada has distinct roles as a lender of last resort. This article outlines how and under what circumstances the Bank can routinely provide liquidity to facilitate payment settlement, as well as the various ways it can respond in more exceptional situations. Content Type(s): Publications, Financial System Review articles
Identifying Financially Remote First Nations Reserves Staff discussion paper 2022-11 Heng Chen, Walter Engert, Kim Huynh, Daneal O’Habib Chen et al. (2021) show that almost one-third of First Nations band offices in Canada are within 1 kilometre (km) of an automated banking machine (ABM) or financial institution (FI) branch and more than half are within 5 km. Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff discussion papers JEL Code(s): E, E4, E41, E42, E5, G, G2, G21 Research Theme(s): Money and payments, Cash and bank notes, Payment and financial market infrastructures, Retail payments, Structural challenges, Demographics and labour supply
April 4, 2012 Aging Gracefully: Canada’s Inevitable Demographic Shift Remarks Jean Boivin Economic Club of Canada Toronto, Ontario Deputy Governor Jean Boivin discusses aging in Canada and its impact on our economy. Content Type(s): Press, Speeches and appearances, Remarks
December 22, 2002 Recent Changes to Canada's Financial Sector Legislation Bank of Canada Review - Winter 2002-2003 Fred Daniel Significant legislative developments have occurred in Canada's financial services sector over the past decade. This article chronicles those developments and gives an overview of the key provisions contained in Bill C–8, the legislation to reform the sector that came into force in October 2001. The article briefly describes some of the restructuring trends in the financial services sector since the early 1990s and the legislative changes that affected federal financial institutions over the period 1992–2001, as well as the process leading up to the 2001 legislation and some of its key provisions. The 2001 financial sector legislation was wide-ranging. It maintained the principle of wide ownership of large banks and introduced a number of changes, including a holding company option that can give greater organizational flexibility to banks and life insurance companies; the creation of the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada to enforce consumer-related provisions as they relate to federal financial institutions; and changes to the Canadian Payments Association and the access to and governance of the payments system. Content Type(s): Publications, Bank of Canada Review articles
May 6, 2020 Annual Report 2019 The Annual Report outlines the Bank’s activities and achievements in 2019. It includes the financial statements and a message from Governor Stephen S. Poloz. Content Type(s): Publications, Annual Report
November 7, 2007 Developing a Framework to Assess Financial Stability Conference held on 7 and 8 November 2007 (papers in unedited, electronic format only) Content Type(s): Conferences and workshops
February 25, 2020 Money and Payments in the Digital Age Remarks Timothy Lane CFA Montréal FinTech RDV2020 Montréal, Quebec Deputy Governor Timothy Lane explains how the Bank of Canada is preparing for a future where Canadians may need a digital currency issued by their central bank. Content Type(s): Press, Speeches and appearances, Remarks Subject(s): Currency, Digital currency, Financial system, Financial markets, Fintech
Multilateral Development Bank Credit Rating Methodology: Overcoming the Challenges in Assessing Relative Credit Risk in Highly Rated Institutions Based on Public Data Staff discussion paper 2017-6 David Xiao Chen, Philippe Muller, Hawa Wagué The investment of foreign exchange reserves or other asset portfolios requires an assessment of the credit quality of counterparties. Traditionally, foreign exchange reserve managers and other investors have relied on credit rating agencies (CRAs) as the main source for credit assessments. Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff discussion papers JEL Code(s): F, F3, F31, G, G2, G24, G28, G3, G32 Research Theme(s): Financial markets and funds management, Funds management, Financial system, Financial stability and systemic risk
February 3, 2026 Engaging with the research community Collaborating with the research community enriches our understanding and sharpens our policy thinking by bringing in diverse perspectives and advanced research methodologies.
Digital Payments: A Framework for Inclusive Design Staff discussion paper 2024-15 Sebastian Hernandez, Alexandra Sutton-Lalani, John Miedema, Virginie Cobigo, Fatoumata Bah, Munazza Tahir, Danika Lévesque, Badr Omrane We propose a framework for designing cognitively accessible payment and banking interfaces through design guidelines, testing and proposed measures to optimize system learnability and user workload. We include, as a case study, the results of testing this framework with users with cognitive disabilities, using a prototype system for voice payments. Content Type(s): Staff research, Staff discussion papers Research Theme(s): Money and payments, Digital assets and fintech, Retail payments