Case scenarios about holding funds

Publication date: August 21, 2024
Last updated: October 2, 2024

The following fictional case scenarios provide examples to help providers identify whether they perform the payment function of holding funds.

Case scenario: Electronic money wallet and holding funds

Company A is a payment service provider (PSP) offering an electronic wallet (“e-wallet”) that its customers can use to load and store funds using an online application. Once this is done, the customer can use the e-wallet to make purchases at online retailers that accept the e-wallet as a means of payment. Customers can also transfer funds to other individuals that use Company A’s e-wallet.

Customers can load funds into their Company A e-wallet, for example, by using a debit card or by linking a bank account with the e-wallet application. In these instances, customers load their e-wallets by transferring funds from their bank accounts into Company A’s bank account at its financial institution, and Company A then credits the funds balance on the e-wallet application.

In this example, Company A is considered to be holding funds as defined in the RPAA, because it offers e-wallets that enable customers to keep funds at rest in Company A’s possession and control. The funds remain available to the customer until they request a future transfer or withdrawal.

Company A begins holding funds as soon as it receives them from an end user. It stops holding funds on behalf of that end user when it receives an instruction to transfer all of these held funds to one or more end users. Even though the funds may be held in a bank account at Company A’s financial institution, the account is in Company A’s name and it is Company A that is indebted to its customers for those funds. As a result, it is Company A, not its financial institution, that performs the payment function of holding funds.

Accordingly, Company A must comply with the end-user funds safeguarding requirements in the RPAA, as described in the Bank’s Safeguarding end-user funds guideline.

Case scenario: Money transfer business and holding funds

Company B is a PSP that specializes in making domestic and cross-border funds transfers for individuals and businesses. Company B permits its customers to make only immediate transfers and does not allow customers to maintain a balance to fund future transfers.

When carrying out a cross-border transfer, Company B must complete several steps, including regulatory and compliance checks (e.g., for fraud or anti-money laundering purposes), and coordinate with its partners in the country where the funds are being transferred. These steps are necessary for payees to receive funds in their local currency deposited directly into their bank accounts. Given differing time zones and the number of parties involved in this process, once Company B receives funds from a customer, it typically takes 48 to 72 hours before those funds become available in the payee’s account abroad.

In this example, Company B is not holding funds as defined in the RPAA. To be holding funds, the funds must be at rest with the PSP and available for future transfer or withdrawal. In this case, Company B may be in possession of end-user funds for multiple days while it processes a transfer; however, the funds are not available for a separate transfer or withdrawal. Rather, the funds are subject to an instruction for immediate transfer for the entire time they are in Company B’s possession.

Case scenario: Money transfer business and holding funds before a transfer

Company B has launched a new product, which introduces the ability for customers to pre-fund their planned money transfers. In effect, Company B customers can opt to have an account that maintains a balance and allows them to schedule transfers at a future date. As such, instead of funds transfers taking place immediately, a customer can now, for example, instruct Company B to transfer the funds 10 days in the future. These transfers can be modified until the date the transfer is scheduled to take place, and customers have the option to retrieve their funds if they decide the transfer should not proceed. To make the transfer, the customer credits Company B with the funds using a debit card, along with the transfer instruction.

In this example, Company B is holding funds as defined in the RPAA. When transfers are future-dated the funds are at rest and can be transferred or withdrawn by the customer until the time of the future-dated transfer. Company B begins holding funds as soon as it receives the funds. The holding of funds continues until the date of the transfer, as the funds are not in transit until Company B begins processing the transfer.

Accordingly, Company B must comply with the end-user funds safeguarding requirements in the RPAA, as described in the Bank’s Safeguarding end-user funds guideline.

Case scenario: Intermediary PSP and holding funds

A Company B customer wishes to send money to a friend in Country X. The customer goes on Company B’s website and requests an immediate transfer of funds to be sent to their friend. However, Company B does not itself have the presence nor the payment infrastructure to send funds to Country X. To fill this gap, Company B has a business relationship with PSP C to be able to offer services to users that need to send funds to Country X.

Upon receipt of the transfer request and the corresponding funds from their customer, Company B instructs PSP C to take the next steps required to move forward with the international money transfer. In particular, PSP C must ensure it has sufficient funds available in the local currency of the foreign jurisdiction. In addition, it needs to exchange payment instructions with PSP D, a PSP located in Country X with which the recipient has an existing account, so the funds can be credited to the recipient. While those steps are automated, they involve some processing time, and the funds ultimately take three days after the date of the transfer request to reach the recipient account.

In this example, Company B is not holding funds on behalf of its customer by virtue of the immediate transfer. The funds are not held at rest with Company B since they are immediately processed for transfer by instructing PSP C to carry out the international transfer.

Similarly, the funds are not at rest and available for future transfer or withdrawal while in PSP C’s possession. Additionally, PSP C in this example is an intermediary party whose only role in the transaction is to support the flow of funds from one PSP to another. Consequently, PSP C could not be considered to be holding funds for the end user, such as Company A’s client, as it does not have any contractual relationship with them to hold their funds on their behalf. In this example, PSP C has a contractual relationship with only Company B and does not have a direct relationship with the payer or payee to hold funds on their behalf.

As a result, neither Company B nor PSP C hold funds in this example.

Case Scenario: Holding funds in an online deposit account on behalf of end users

Company C offers an online platform through which customers can open a deposit account enables them to make purchases, pay bills, or maintain a cash balance. To provide these services, Company C requires that its customers provide certain personal and financial information, and Company C stores this information in its systems. When an end user registers for Company C’s online deposit account, Company C also provides the necessary information to its partner financial institution, Bank A, so that it may open an underlying bank account for that end user, with the account being held in the end user’s name. This bank account is accessed by the end user through Company C’s associated app or website, which provides the interface through which Company C customers can interact with their account. The end user can access the funds in their online deposit account and make purchases using a prepaid credit card that carries Company C’s branding but is issued by Bank A and runs on an international credit card network. The end user can also use Company C’s app or website to make funds transfers and pay bills.

For this offering, Company C is not performing the holding funds payment function as ­­defined in the RPAA. A PSP is holding funds for an end user if the PSP keeps the funds at rest, and the PSP is indebted to the end user for those funds. However, in this case, when the end user loads funds onto their online deposit account, they are in fact sending their funds directly from their external financial institution to Bank A, where they also have an account. Although the end user accesses their underlying bank account through Company C’s app or website, they are also an end user of Bank A with a contractual relationship for an account with them.  Accordingly, Company C is not indebted to its end users in respect of the funds that they hold in bank accounts maintained by Bank A, even though these end users may perceive that they access their accounts through Company C.

While it does not hold funds on behalf of its end users, Company C plays a role in passing along payment instructions provided by its end users, using Company C’s app or website, to Bank A. In doing so, it performs the following payment functions: provision and maintenance of an account; initiation of an electronic funds transfer; authorization of an EFT and transmission, reception or facilitation of an instruction in relation to an EFT.

Overall, Company C meets the definition of a PSP under the RPAA and needs to register with the Bank of Canada, assuming it meets the other registration criteria.